Constants (scipy.constants)#
Physical and mathematical constants and units.
Mathematical constants#
|
Pi |
|
Golden ratio |
|
Golden ratio |
Physical constants#
|
speed of light in vacuum |
|
speed of light in vacuum |
|
the magnetic constant \(\mu_0\) |
|
the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), \(\epsilon_0\) |
|
the Planck constant \(h\) |
|
the Planck constant \(h\) |
|
\(\hbar = h/(2\pi)\) |
|
Newtonian constant of gravitation |
|
Newtonian constant of gravitation |
|
standard acceleration of gravity |
|
elementary charge |
|
elementary charge |
|
molar gas constant |
|
molar gas constant |
|
fine-structure constant |
|
fine-structure constant |
|
Avogadro constant |
|
Avogadro constant |
|
Boltzmann constant |
|
Boltzmann constant |
|
Stefan-Boltzmann constant \(\sigma\) |
|
Stefan-Boltzmann constant \(\sigma\) |
|
Wien displacement law constant |
|
Rydberg constant |
|
electron mass |
|
electron mass |
|
proton mass |
|
proton mass |
|
neutron mass |
|
neutron mass |
Constants database#
In addition to the above variables, scipy.constants also contains the
2018 CODATA recommended values [CODATA2018] database containing more physical
constants.
|
Value in physical_constants indexed by key |
|
Unit in physical_constants indexed by key |
|
Relative precision in physical_constants indexed by key |
|
Return list of physical_constant keys containing a given string. |
Accessing a constant no longer in current CODATA data set |
- scipy.constants.physical_constants#
Dictionary of physical constants, of the format
physical_constants[name] = (value, unit, uncertainty).
Available constants:
|
6.6446573357e-27 kg |
|
5.9719201914e-10 J |
|
3727.3794066 MeV |
|
4.001506179127 u |
|
0.0040015061777 kg mol^-1 |
|
4.001506179127 |
|
7294.29954142 |
|
3.97259969009 |
|
1.00001495e-10 m |
|
1.6605390666e-27 kg |
|
1.4924180856e-10 J |
|
931.49410242 MeV |
|
931494102.42 eV |
|
34231776.874 E_h |
|
2.25234271871e+23 Hz |
|
751300661040000.0 m^-1 |
|
1.4924180856e-10 J |
|
10809540191600.0 K |
|
1.6605390666e-27 kg |
|
3.2063613061e-53 C^3 m^3 J^-2 |
|
6.2353799905e-65 C^4 m^4 J^-3 |
|
1.054571817e-34 J s |
|
1.602176634e-19 C |
|
1081202384570.0 C m^-3 |
|
0.00662361823751 A |
|
8.4783536255e-30 C m |
|
514220674763.0 V m^-1 |
|
9.7173624292e+21 V m^-2 |
|
1.64877727436e-41 C^2 m^2 J^-1 |
|
27.211386245988 V |
|
4.4865515246e-40 C m^2 |
|
4.3597447222071e-18 J |
|
8.2387234983e-08 N |
|
5.29177210903e-11 m |
|
1.85480201566e-23 J T^-1 |
|
235051.756758 T |
|
7.8910366008e-29 J T^-2 |
|
9.1093837015e-31 kg |
|
1.9928519141e-24 kg m s^-1 |
|
1.11265005545e-10 F m^-1 |
|
2.4188843265857e-17 s |
|
2187691.26364 m s^-1 |
|
6.02214076e+23 mol^-1 |
|
9.2740100783e-24 J T^-1 |
|
5.788381806e-05 eV T^-1 |
|
13996244936.1 Hz T^-1 |
|
46.686447783 m^-1 T^-1 |
|
0.67171381563 K T^-1 |
|
5.29177210903e-11 m |
|
1.380649e-23 J K^-1 |
|
8.617333262e-05 eV K^-1 |
|
20836619120.0 Hz K^-1 |
|
69.50348004 m^-1 K^-1 |
|
376.730313668 ohm |
|
2.8179403262e-15 m |
|
2.42631023867e-12 m |
|
7.748091729e-05 S |
|
1.00000008887 A |
|
1.00000008887 C |
|
0.9999999822 F |
|
1.00000001779 H |
|
483597900000000.0 Hz V^-1 |
|
1.00000001779 ohm |
|
1.00000010666 V |
|
25812.807 ohm |
|
1.00000019553 W |
|
1.00207697e-13 m |
|
0.8574382338 |
|
4.330735094e-27 J T^-1 |
|
0.000466975457 |
|
0.8574382338 |
|
3.3435837724e-27 kg |
|
3.00506323102e-10 J |
|
1875.61294257 MeV |
|
2.013553212745 u |
|
0.00201355321205 kg mol^-1 |
|
2.013553212745 |
|
2.12799e-15 m |
|
-0.0004664345551 |
|
3670.48296788 |
|
-0.44820653 |
|
0.30701220939 |
|
1.99900750139 |
|
-175882001076.0 C kg^-1 |
|
-2.00231930436256 |
|
176085963023.0 s^-1 T^-1 |
|
28024.9514242 MHz T^-1 |
|
-9.2847647043e-24 J T^-1 |
|
0.00115965218128 |
|
-1.00115965218128 |
|
-1838.28197188 |
|
9.1093837015e-31 kg |
|
8.1871057769e-14 J |
|
0.51099895 MeV |
|
0.000548579909065 u |
|
5.4857990888e-07 kg mol^-1 |
|
0.000548579909065 |
|
0.0001370933554787 |
|
864.058257 |
|
-658.2275971 |
|
1.602176634e-19 J |
|
1.07354410233e-09 u |
|
0.036749322175655 E_h |
|
241798924200000.0 Hz |
|
806554.3937 m^-1 |
|
1.602176634e-19 J |
|
11604.51812 K |
|
1.782661921e-36 kg |
|
-2143.9234915 |
|
0.0002724437107462 |
|
0.0001819543074573 |
|
206.7669883 |
|
0.00483633169 |
|
960.9205 |
|
0.00054386734424 |
|
-658.21068789 |
|
0.000544617021487 |
|
0.000287585 |
|
0.0001819200062251 |
|
1.602176634e-19 C |
|
1519267447000000.0 A J^-1 |
|
96485.33212 C mol^-1 |
|
1.1663787e-05 GeV^-2 |
|
0.0072973525693 |
|
3.741771852e-16 W m^2 |
|
1.191042972e-16 W m^2 sr^-1 |
|
4.3597447222071e-18 J |
|
27.211386245988 eV |
|
2.92126232205e-08 u |
|
27.211386245988 eV |
|
6579683920502000.0 Hz |
|
21947463.13632 m^-1 |
|
4.3597447222071e-18 J |
|
315775.02480407 K |
|
4.8508702095432e-35 kg |
|
-4.255250615 |
|
-1.074617532e-26 J T^-1 |
|
-0.001158740958 |
|
-2.127625307 |
|
5.0064127796e-27 kg |
|
4.4995394125e-10 J |
|
2808.39160743 MeV |
|
3.014932247175 u |
|
0.00301493224613 kg mol^-1 |
|
3.014932247175 |
|
5.996743e-05 |
|
5495.88528007 |
|
2.99315267167 |
|
4.4398216652e-24 u |
|
4.135667696e-15 eV |
|
1.519829846057e-16 E_h |
|
3.3356409519815204e-09 m^-1 |
|
6.62607015e-34 J |
|
4.799243073e-11 K |
|
7.372497323e-51 kg |
|
9192631770.0 Hz |
|
137.035999084 |
|
1.3310250501e-15 u |
|
1.239841984e-06 eV |
|
4.556335252912e-08 E_h |
|
299792458.0 Hz |
|
1.986445857e-25 J |
|
0.01438776877 K |
|
2.210219094e-42 kg |
|
12906.40372 ohm |
|
483597848400000.0 Hz V^-1 |
|
6700535256.5 u |
|
6.241509074e+18 eV |
|
2.2937122783963e+17 E_h |
|
1.509190179e+33 Hz |
|
5.034116567e+24 m^-1 |
|
7.242970516e+22 K |
|
1.1126500560536185e-17 kg |
|
9.2510873014e-14 u |
|
8.617333262e-05 eV |
|
3.1668115634556e-06 E_h |
|
20836619120.0 Hz |
|
69.50348004 m^-1 |
|
1.380649e-23 J |
|
1.536179187e-40 kg |
|
6.0221407621e+26 u |
|
5.609588603e+35 eV |
|
2.0614857887409e+34 E_h |
|
1.356392489e+50 Hz |
|
4.524438335e+41 m^-1 |
|
8.987551787368176e+16 J |
|
6.50965726e+39 K |
|
5.431020511e-10 m |
|
1.920155716e-10 m |
|
2.651645804e+25 m^-3 |
|
2.686780111e+25 m^-3 |
|
683.0 lm W^-1 |
|
2.067833848e-15 Wb |
|
1.00209952e-13 m |
|
8.314462618 J mol^-1 K^-1 |
|
0.00099999999965 kg mol^-1 |
|
0.0119999999958 kg mol^-1 |
|
3.990312712e-10 J Hz^-1 mol^-1 |
|
0.02271095464 m^3 mol^-1 |
|
0.02241396954 m^3 mol^-1 |
|
1.205883199e-05 m^3 mol^-1 |
|
1.17344411e-14 m |
|
-2.0023318418 |
|
-4.4904483e-26 J T^-1 |
|
0.00116592089 |
|
-0.00484197047 |
|
-8.89059703 |
|
1.883531627e-28 kg |
|
1.692833804e-11 J |
|
105.6583755 MeV |
|
0.1134289259 u |
|
0.0001134289259 kg mol^-1 |
|
206.768283 |
|
0.112454517 |
|
-3.183345142 |
|
0.1126095264 |
|
0.0594635 |
|
1.054571817e-34 J s |
|
6.582119569e-16 eV s |
|
8.1871057769e-14 J |
|
0.51099895 MeV |
|
3.8615926796e-13 m |
|
9.1093837015e-31 kg |
|
2.730924488e-22 kg m s^-1 |
|
0.5109989461 MeV/c |
|
1.28808866819e-21 s |
|
299792458.0 m s^-1 |
|
1.31959090581e-15 m |
|
-3.82608545 |
|
183247171.0 s^-1 T^-1 |
|
29.1646931 MHz T^-1 |
|
-9.6623651e-27 J T^-1 |
|
-0.00104187563 |
|
-1.91304273 |
|
1.67492749804e-27 kg |
|
1.50534976287e-10 J |
|
939.56542052 MeV |
|
1.00866491595 u |
|
0.0010086649156 kg mol^-1 |
|
1.00866491595 |
|
-0.68499694 |
|
0.00104066882 |
|
1838.68366173 |
|
8.89248406 |
|
-0.68497934 |
|
2.30557435e-30 kg |
|
2.07214689e-13 J |
|
1.29333236 MeV |
|
0.00138844933 u |
|
1.00137841931 |
|
0.528779 |
|
6.6743e-11 m^3 kg^-1 s^-2 |
|
6.70883e-39 (GeV/c^2)^-2 |
|
5.0507837461e-27 J T^-1 |
|
3.15245125844e-08 eV T^-1 |
|
0.0254262341353 m^-1 T^-1 |
|
0.00036582677756 K T^-1 |
|
7.6225932291 MHz T^-1 |
|
6.62607015e-34 J Hz^-1 |
|
4.135667696e-15 eV Hz^-1 |
|
1.616255e-35 m |
|
2.176434e-08 kg |
|
1.22089e+19 GeV |
|
1.416784e+32 K |
|
5.391247e-44 s |
|
95788331.56 C kg^-1 |
|
1.32140985539e-15 m |
|
5.5856946893 |
|
267522187.44 s^-1 T^-1 |
|
42.577478518 MHz T^-1 |
|
1.41060679736e-26 J T^-1 |
|
0.0015210322023 |
|
2.79284734463 |
|
2.5689e-05 |
|
1.67262192369e-27 kg |
|
1.50327761598e-10 J |
|
938.27208816 MeV |
|
1.007276466621 u |
|
0.00100727646627 kg mol^-1 |
|
1.007276466621 |
|
8.414e-16 m |
|
1836.15267343 |
|
8.88024337 |
|
-1.45989805 |
|
0.99862347812 |
|
0.528051 |
|
0.00036369475516 m^2 s^-1 |
|
0.00072738951032 m^2 s^-1 |
|
3.8615926796e-13 m |
|
1.867594306e-15 m |
|
2.1001941552e-16 m |
|
1.054571817e-34 J s |
|
6.582119569e-16 eV s |
|
197.3269804 MeV fm |
|
2.10308910336e-16 m |
|
1.110538e-16 m |
|
10973731.56816 m^-1 |
|
3289841960250800.0 Hz |
|
13.605693122994 eV |
|
2.1798723611035e-18 J |
|
-1.15170753706 |
|
-1.16487052358 |
|
0.01438776877 m K |
|
203789456.9 s^-1 T^-1 |
|
32.43409942 MHz T^-1 |
|
-1.07455309e-26 J T^-1 |
|
-0.001158671471 |
|
-2.127497719 |
|
-0.7617665618 |
|
-0.7617861313 |
|
267515315.1 s^-1 T^-1 |
|
42.57638474 MHz T^-1 |
|
1.41057056e-26 J T^-1 |
|
0.001520993128 |
|
2.792775599 |
|
2.02e-08 |
|
2.414e-08 |
|
299792458.0 m s^-1 |
|
9.80665 m s^-2 |
|
101325.0 Pa |
|
100000.0 Pa |
|
5.670374419e-08 W m^-2 K^-4 |
|
6.97771e-16 m |
|
1776.86 MeV |
|
3.16754e-27 kg |
|
2.84684e-10 J |
|
1.90754 u |
|
0.00190754 kg mol^-1 |
|
3477.23 |
|
16.817 |
|
1.89115 |
|
1.89376 |
|
6.6524587321e-29 m^2 |
|
5.957924931 |
|
1.5046095202e-26 J T^-1 |
|
0.0016223936651 |
|
2.9789624656 |
|
5.0073567446e-27 kg |
|
4.500387806e-10 J |
|
2808.92113298 MeV |
|
3.01550071621 u |
|
0.00301550071517 kg mol^-1 |
|
3.01550071621 |
|
1.0666399191 |
|
5496.92153573 |
|
2.99371703414 |
|
1.6605390666e-27 kg |
|
8.8541878128e-12 F m^-1 |
|
1.25663706212e-06 N A^-2 |
|
25812.80745 ohm |
|
0.88153 |
|
0.2229 |
|
58789257570.0 Hz K^-1 |
|
0.002897771955 m K |
Units#
SI prefixes#
|
\(10^{30}\) |
|
\(10^{27}\) |
|
\(10^{24}\) |
|
\(10^{21}\) |
|
\(10^{18}\) |
|
\(10^{15}\) |
|
\(10^{12}\) |
|
\(10^{9}\) |
|
\(10^{6}\) |
|
\(10^{3}\) |
|
\(10^{2}\) |
|
\(10^{1}\) |
|
\(10^{-1}\) |
|
\(10^{-2}\) |
|
\(10^{-3}\) |
|
\(10^{-6}\) |
|
\(10^{-9}\) |
|
\(10^{-12}\) |
|
\(10^{-15}\) |
|
\(10^{-18}\) |
|
\(10^{-21}\) |
|
\(10^{-24}\) |
|
\(10^{-27}\) |
|
\(10^{-30}\) |
Binary prefixes#
|
\(2^{10}\) |
|
\(2^{20}\) |
|
\(2^{30}\) |
|
\(2^{40}\) |
|
\(2^{50}\) |
|
\(2^{60}\) |
|
\(2^{70}\) |
|
\(2^{80}\) |
Mass#
|
\(10^{-3}\) kg |
|
\(10^{3}\) kg |
|
one grain in kg |
|
one pound (avoirdupous) in kg |
|
one pound (avoirdupous) in kg |
|
one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0) |
|
one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0) |
|
one slug in kg (added in 1.0.0) |
|
one ounce in kg |
|
one ounce in kg |
|
one stone in kg |
|
one grain in kg |
|
one long ton in kg |
|
one short ton in kg |
|
one Troy ounce in kg |
|
one Troy pound in kg |
|
one carat in kg |
|
atomic mass constant (in kg) |
|
atomic mass constant (in kg) |
|
atomic mass constant (in kg) |
Angle#
|
degree in radians |
|
arc minute in radians |
|
arc minute in radians |
|
arc second in radians |
|
arc second in radians |
Time#
|
one minute in seconds |
|
one hour in seconds |
|
one day in seconds |
|
one week in seconds |
|
one year (365 days) in seconds |
|
one Julian year (365.25 days) in seconds |
Length#
|
one inch in meters |
|
one foot in meters |
|
one yard in meters |
|
one mile in meters |
|
one mil in meters |
|
one point in meters |
|
one point in meters |
|
one survey foot in meters |
|
one survey mile in meters |
|
one nautical mile in meters |
|
one Fermi in meters |
|
one Angstrom in meters |
|
one micron in meters |
|
one astronomical unit in meters |
|
one astronomical unit in meters |
|
one light year in meters |
|
one parsec in meters |
Pressure#
|
standard atmosphere in pascals |
|
standard atmosphere in pascals |
|
one bar in pascals |
|
one torr (mmHg) in pascals |
|
one torr (mmHg) in pascals |
|
one psi in pascals |
Area#
|
one hectare in square meters |
|
one acre in square meters |
Volume#
|
one liter in cubic meters |
|
one liter in cubic meters |
|
one gallon (US) in cubic meters |
|
one gallon (US) in cubic meters |
|
one gallon (UK) in cubic meters |
|
one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters |
|
one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters |
|
one fluid ounce (UK) in cubic meters |
|
one barrel in cubic meters |
|
one barrel in cubic meters |
Speed#
|
kilometers per hour in meters per second |
|
miles per hour in meters per second |
|
one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second |
|
one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second |
|
one knot in meters per second |
Temperature#
|
zero of Celsius scale in Kelvin |
|
one Fahrenheit (only differences) in Kelvins |
|
Convert from a temperature scale to another one among Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine scales. |
Energy#
|
one electron volt in Joules |
|
one electron volt in Joules |
|
one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules |
|
one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules |
|
one calorie (International Steam Table calorie, 1956) in Joules |
|
one erg in Joules |
|
one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules |
|
one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules |
|
one British thermal unit (thermochemical) in Joules |
|
one ton of TNT in Joules |
Power#
|
one horsepower in watts |
|
one horsepower in watts |
Force#
|
one dyne in newtons |
|
one dyne in newtons |
|
one pound force in newtons |
|
one pound force in newtons |
|
one kilogram force in newtons |
|
one kilogram force in newtons |
Optics#
|
Convert wavelength to optical frequency |
|
Convert optical frequency to wavelength. |
References#
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2018.